How “Smart” are the novel biotechnology platforms based vaccines?

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INTRODUCTION
Vaccines are traditionally manufactured from very small amount dead or weak disease-causing germs like bacteria, virus etc. and have been historically successful in preventing, controlling, and eradicating many diseases across the globe. The traditional vaccines follow a phased procedure and can take about 5-10 years from initial development to large scale distribution (1). However, to control the rapid spread of global pandemics such as COVID-19, the conventional timeline of vaccine design, production and supply needs to be accelerated without compromising on vaccine safety, efficacy, and scientific or ethical integrity. Since the traditional vaccines were unable to meet such expectations, biopharma companies had to device new strategies to meet the urgent and growing demand for vaccines worldwide (2). This had triggered significant investments in the vaccine design and manufacturing domain and led to the emergence of vaccine manufacturing techniques based on novel biotechnology platforms.