Issue: November / December 2024

Antibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugation – Chemistry, Biology and Therapeutics

28 November 2024 No Comments

Nucleic acid therapeutics (NATs) have opened up novel therapeutic opportunities for treating diseases such as cancer, retinopathies and neurodegenerative disorders. However, there have been numerous reports of toxicity and potency-related concerns during the development of NATs. Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) offer an innovative and highly promising approach to help deliver NATs, where precise targeting of disease-associated cell types and tissues can result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The use of advanced conjugation techniques to combine the oligonucleotide and antibody, such as click chemistry, provide safe and effective strategies for AOC synthesis. Importantly, more suitable preclinical models and early pre-clinical testing of AOCs are required to investigate their mechanistic behaviour and translational potential. In this review, we present an overview of the chemistry, biology and therapeutic applications of AOCs.

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Design to Refine for Homogeneous Catalysts

28 November 2024 No Comments

In this article, we explore the importance of metal extraction and refinement when using platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts in API synthesis. We detail the wide range of treatment options that R&D teams can integrate into their chemical processes, including metal scavenging and complex chemical treatments, and emphasise the challenges associated with each of them. We also discuss the importance and potential cost-savings involved in considering one’s waste stream early in process development. By embracing extraction and refinement, chemists can reduce their carbon emissions and capital expenditure, especially during scale-up, and forge a more sustainable pharmaceutical value chain.

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Smarter Chemistry: Green, Circular and Safe-by-Design

27 November 2024 No Comments

This paper explores a smarter approach to chemistry through the integration of Green Chemistry, Circular Chemistry, and Safe and Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD). By uniting these frameworks, the chemical industry can enhance resource efficiency, optimize processes, and ensure product safety across their entire lifecycle. This integrated strategy aims to create a sustainable and resilient chemical sector, driving innovation and supporting a transition to a greener, more circular economy.

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AI and ESG Role in Optimizing mRNA and Protein-Based Vaccines Supply Chains From Raw Material Sourcing to Last-Mile Delivery

27 November 2024 No Comments

The increasing complexity of vaccine supply chains, especially for mRNA and protein-based vaccines, necessitates advanced management approaches that integrate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles. This study explores the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the seamless integration of ESG factors throughout the global supply chain management (SCM) of vaccines. The research focuses on end-to-end supply chain management, from raw material sourcing and demand forecasting to production planning and last-mile delivery to pharmacies and hospitals. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the study includes a research survey, interviews with subject matter experts, and analysis of publicly available reports and data. Findings suggest that AI is instrumental in enhancing ESG integration by improving resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and ensuring ethical sourcing practices. The results highlight the potential for AI to revolutionize global supply chain management in the pharmaceutical industry, specifically within the vaccine production sector, where ESG is becoming increasingly critical.

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Advancements in drug delivery systems, challenges and future opportunities

27 November 2024 No Comments

Oral delivery would be the favoured route of drug administration (1). Other routes include intranasal, allowing fast delivery to the brain, pulmonary using aerosolised compounds, transdermal, buccal and intravenous or transdermal AI controlled closed loop infusion pumps (2). To enhance delivery, drug formulations can be enclosed in lipid e.g. liposomes or encapsulated to protect and direct delivery or treated to increase solubility e.g. spray drying (3). In the oral route attempts may be made to protect the stomach from damaging effects such as those of NSAIDs (4). In terms of oral delivery for a compound to be absorbed it must overcome three major barriers, the digestive barrier, the mucus barrier and the epithelial barrier in sufficient amounts to yield a therapeutic effect. The mucus barrier is also relevant in intranasal and pulmonary delivery. Current models to test absorption now include an in vitro gut model including the 3 barriers combined with absorption (5). In addition this article will also discuss examples where natural products could replace chemically synthesised drugs. The pharmaceutical industry increasingly relies on outsourcing to CROs for research and drug delivery development activities. What are seen as challenges by the pharmaceutical industry have become opportunities for CROs (6).

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